Stress-Minimizing Orthogonal Layout of Data Flow Diagrams with Ports

We present a fundamentally different approach to orthogonal layout of data flow diagrams with ports. This is based on extending constrained stress majorization to cater for ports and flow layout. Because we are minimizing stress we are able to better display global structure, as measured by several criteria such as stress, edge-length variance, and aspect ratio. Compared to the layered approach, our layouts tend to exhibit symmetries, and eliminate inter-layer whitespace, making the diagrams more compact

Nuclear effects in g1A(x,Q2)g_{1A}(x,Q^2) at small xx in deep inelastic scattering on 7^7Li and 3^3He

We suggest to use polarized nuclear targets of $^7$Li and $^3$He to study nuclear effects in the spin dependent structure functions $g_{1A}(x,Q^2)$. These effects are expected to be enhanced by a factor of two as compared to the unpolarized targets. We predict a significant $x$ dependence at $10^{-4} \div 10^{-3} \leq x \leq 0.2$ of $g_{1A}(x,Q^2)/g_{1N}(x,Q^2)$ due to nuclear shadowing and nuclear enhancement. The effect of nuclear shadowing at $x \approx 10^{-3}$ is of an order of 16% for $g_{1A=7}^{n.s. 3/2}(x,Q^2)/g_{1N}^{n.s.}(x,Q^2)$ and 10% for $g_{1A=3}^{n.s}(x,Q^2)/g_{1N}^{n.s.}(x,Q^2)$. By imposing the requirement that the Bjorken sum rule is satisfied we model the effect of enhancement. We find the effect of enhancement at $x \approx 0.125 (0.15)$ to be of an order of $20 (55)$ for $g_{1A=7}^{n.s. 3/2}(x,Q^2)/g_{1N}^{n.s.}(x,Q^2)$ and $14 (40)$ for $g_{1A=3}^{n.s}(x,Q^2)/g_{1N}^{n.s.}(x,Q^2)$, if enhancement occupies the region $0.05 \leq x \leq 0.2$ ($0.1 \leq x \leq 0.2$). We predict a 2% effect in the difference of the scattering cross sections of deep inelastic scattering of an unpolarized projectile off $^7$Li with $M_{J}$=3/2 and $M_{J}$=1/2. We also show explicitly that the many-nucleon description of deep inelastic scattering off $^7$Li becomes invalid in the enhancement region $0.05 < x \leq 0.2$.Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures, RevTe

Continuous loading of a magnetic trap

We have realized a scheme for continuous loading of a magnetic trap (MT). ^{52}Cr atoms are continuously captured and cooled in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Optical pumping to a metastable state decouples atoms from the cooling light. Due to their high magnetic moment (6 Bohr magnetons), low-field seeking metastable atoms are trapped in the magnetic quadrupole field provided by the MOT. Limited by inelastic collisions between atoms in the MOT and in the MT, we load 10^8 metastable atoms at a rate of 10^8 atoms/s below 100 microkelvin into the MT. After loading we can perform optical repumping to realize a MT of ground state chromium atoms.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, version 2, modified references, included additional detailed information, minor changes in figure 3 and in tex

Clean air and energy: from conflict to reconciliation. [Cost benefit analysis]

Unconstrained energy resource development in the Rocky Mountain west is likely to threaten the environment and the health and well-being of the people. Impacts may be associated with visibility degradation, toxic concentrations of gases, and deposition of acidic or toxic substances. Because the possible benefits of energy development in the region are very large, there is great concern that constraints imposed by air quality regulation may preclude the use of important resources or make unduly expensive energy produced from the region. The conflict between energy and clean air in the region is exacerbated by non-energy sources, such as copper smelters and urban areas, that already pose significant environmental threats. The hard policy question is not how to preserve clean air resources or how to develop energy but how to achieve and balance both goals. The effects and regulatory costs and benefits of air pollution control are discussed, and policy directions to protect air quality while pursuing energy development are presented

In vivo methods useful for therapy monitoring in lactic acidosis.

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Associations between diet, the gut microbiome and short chain fatty acids in youth with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes

First published: 20 January 2021Aim: We aimed to characterize associations between diet and the gut microbiome and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) products in youth with islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes (IA/T1D) in comparison with controls. Research design and methods: Eighty participants (25 diagnosed with T1D, 17 with confirmed IA, 38 sibling or unrelated controls) from the Australian T1D Gut Study cohort were studied (median [IQR] age 11.7 [8.9, 14.0] years, 43% female). A Food Frequency Questionnaire characterized daily macronutrient intake over the preceding 6 months. Plasma and fecal SCFA were measured by gas chromatography; gut microbiome composition and diversity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: A 10 g increase in daily carbohydrate intake associated with higher plasma acetate in IA/T1D (adjusted estimate +5.2 (95% CI 1.1, 9.2) μmol/L p = 0.01) and controls (adjusted estimate +4.1 [95% CI 1.7, 8.5] μmol/L p = 0.04). A 5 g increase in total fat intake associated with lower plasma acetate in IA/T1D and controls. A 5% increase in noncore (junk) food intake associated with reduced richness (adjusted estimate −4.09 [95%CI –7.83, −0.35] p = .03) and evenness (−1.25 [95% CI –2.00, −0.49] p < 0.01) of the gut microbiome in IA/T1D. Fiber intake associated with community structure of the microbiome in IA/T1D. Conclusions: Modest increments in carbohydrate and fat intake associated with plasma acetate in all youth. Increased junk food intake associated with reduced diversity of the gut microbiome in IA/T1D alone. These associations with the gut microbiome in IA/T1D support future efforts to promote SCFA by using dietary interventions.Jessica E. Harbison, Rebecca L. Thomson, John M. Wentworth, Jennie Louise, Alexandra Roth-Schulze, Rachel J. Battersby ... et al

Gut microbiome dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability in children with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: a prospective cohort study

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS:To investigate the longitudinal relationship between the gut microbiome, circulating short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and intestinal permeability in children with islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes and controls. METHODS:We analyzed the gut bacterial microbiome, plasma SCFAs, small intestinal permeability and dietary intake in 47 children with islet autoimmunity or recent-onset type 1 diabetes and in 41 unrelated or sibling controls over a median (range) of 13 (2-34) months follow-up. RESULTS:Children with multiple islet autoantibodies (≥2 IA) or type 1 diabetes had gut microbiome dysbiosis. Anti-inflammatory Prevotella and Butyricimonas genera were less abundant and these changes were not explained by differences in diet. Small intestinal permeability measured by blood lactulose:rhamnose ratio was higher in type 1 diabetes. Children with ≥2 IA who progressed to type 1 diabetes (progressors), compared to those who did not progress, had higher intestinal permeability (mean [SE] difference +5.14 [2.0], 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21, 9.07, P = .006), lower within-sample (alpha) microbial diversity (31.3 [11.2], 95% CI 9.3, 53.3, P = .005), and lower abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria. Alpha diversity (observed richness) correlated with plasma acetate levels in all groups combined (regression coefficient [SE] 0.57 [0.21], 95% CI 0.15, 0.99 P = .008). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION:Children with ≥2 IA who progress to diabetes, like those with recent-onset diabetes, have gut microbiome dysbiosis associated with increased intestinal permeability. Interventions that expand gut microbial diversity, in particular SCFA-producing bacteria, may have a role to decrease progression to diabetes in children at-risk.Lynne C. Giles, Cuong D. Tran ... Megan A. Penno, Rebecca L. Thomson ... Simon C Barry ... Jennifer J. Couper ... et al